NRS 78.0296
Ratification or validation of noncompliant corporate acts.

1.

Except to the extent expressly prohibited in the articles of incorporation or an amendment thereto, in each case filed and effective on or after October 1, 2015, any corporate act not in compliance, or purportedly not in compliance, with this title or the articles of incorporation or bylaws in effect at the time of such corporate act may be ratified or validated in accordance with this section. This section does not apply to circumvent or contravene the provisions of NRS 78.378 to 78.3793, inclusive, or NRS 78.411 to 78.444, inclusive. Except as otherwise determined by the district court pursuant to its authority under subsection 5, a ratification or validation of a corporate act in accordance with this section is conclusive in the absence of actual fraud in the transaction. Ratification or validation under this section must not be the exclusive means by which a corporate act may be ratified or validated. This section shall not be construed to limit the authority of the board of directors, the stockholders or the corporation to effect any lawful means of ratification or validation of a corporate act or correction of a record, including, without limitation, the authority of:

(a)

The board of directors to act, or to consent to an action before or after the action, pursuant to NRS 78.315;

(b)

The stockholders to act, or to consent to an action before or after the action, pursuant to NRS 78.320; or

(c)

The corporation to correct a record filed in the Office of the Secretary of State pursuant to NRS 78.0295.

2.

Any ratification or validation of a corporate act pursuant to this section must be approved by the board of directors and, as applicable, the stockholders in accordance with this title and the articles of incorporation and bylaws in effect at the time of such ratification or validation, unless a higher approval standard was or would have been applicable to the original taking or purported taking of the corporate act, in which case such ratification or validation must be approved in accordance with such higher approval standard. The voting power of any shares issued or purportedly issued pursuant to the corporate act being ratified or validated must be disregarded for all purposes of the stockholder approval of such corporate act as required by this subsection, including for purposes of determining a quorum at a meeting of stockholders.

3.

Notice of any ratification or validation of a corporate act pursuant to this section must be given not later than 10 days after the approval of such ratification or validation pursuant to subsection 2, to each stockholder of record at the time of such ratification or validation, whether or not action by the stockholders is required for such ratification or validation.

4.

If a corporate act ratified or validated pursuant to this section would have required any filing with the Secretary of State pursuant to the provisions of this title, or if such ratification or validation would cause any such filing to be inaccurate or incomplete in any material respect, the corporation shall make, amend or correct each such filing in accordance with this title, including this subsection. Any such filing, amendment or correction:

(a)

Must be accompanied by a certificate of validation indicating that the filing, amendment or correction is being made in connection with a ratification or validation of a corporate act in accordance with this section and specifying the effective date and time of the filing, amendment or correction, which may be before the date and time of filing; and

(b)

Must otherwise be filed with the Secretary of State in accordance with the requirements of this title.

5.

The district court has plenary and exclusive jurisdiction in equity, upon application of any person adversely affected, to administer and provide equitable relief under this section, including, without limitation, the authority to confirm, nullify, modify or compel any ratification or validation taken or proposed to be taken pursuant to this section, including any filing, amendment or correction pursuant to subsection 4. The provisions of this section shall not be construed to prescribe or circumscribe which facts and circumstances the court may consider or which remedies the court may grant in exercising its jurisdiction under this section. Any action, application or petition relating to a ratification or validation taken or proposed to be taken pursuant to this section must be filed in the district court:

(a)

Not later than 180 days after the notice required by subsection 3 is given; and

(b)

In the county where the principal office of the corporation is located or, if the principal office is not located in this State, in the county in which the corporation’s registered office is located.

6.

Unless otherwise determined by the district court pursuant to its authority under subsection 5, a ratification or validation of a corporate act in accordance with this section relates back to the date of the corporate act.

7.

As used in this section:

(a)

“Corporate act” means:

(1)

Any act or purported act of the board of directors;

(2)

Any act or purported act of the stockholders; or

(3)

Any other act or transaction taken or purportedly taken by or on behalf of the corporation, including, without limitation, any issuance or purported issuance of stock or other securities of the corporation.

(b)

“Higher approval standard” means any provision set forth in the articles of incorporation or bylaws in effect at the time of the original taking or purported taking of a corporate act:

(1)

Requiring action of the directors or stockholders, at a meeting or by written consent, to be taken by a proportion greater than otherwise would have been required pursuant to this chapter if the articles of incorporation and bylaws were silent as to the required proportion;

(2)

Requiring a greater proportion of the directors or stockholders to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting than otherwise would have been required pursuant to this chapter if the articles of incorporation and bylaws were silent as to the required proportion;

(3)

Requiring, prohibiting or prescribing conditions on action of the directors or stockholders at a meeting or by written consent;

(4)

Requiring separate action of the holders of shares of any class or series of the corporation’s stock, unless no shares of such class or series are outstanding at the time of the ratification or validation of the corporate act pursuant to this section;

(5)

Requiring separate action of the holders of securities of the corporation other than stock, unless such securities are not outstanding at the time of the ratification or validation of the corporate act pursuant to this section; or

(6)

Requiring separate action of any specified person or persons.

Source: Section 78.0296 — Ratification or validation of noncompliant corporate acts., https://www.­leg.­state.­nv.­us/NRS/NRS-078.­html#NRS078Sec0296.

78.010
Definitions 78.012
Legislative findings and declaration regarding laws of this State governing incorporation and internal affairs of domestic corporations and directors, officers and stockholders of domestic corporations. 78.015
Applicability of chapter 78.020
Limitations on incorporation under chapter 78.025
Reserved power of State to amend or repeal chapter 78.026
Form required for filing of records. 78.027
Corporate records: Microfilming 78.028
Filing of records written in language other than English. 78.029
Procedure to submit replacement page to Secretary of State before actual filing of record. 78.030
Filing requirements 78.035
Articles of incorporation: Required provisions. 78.037
Articles of incorporation: Optional provisions. 78.039
Name of corporation: Distinguishable name required 78.040
Name of corporation: Reservation 78.045
Articles of incorporation: Approval or certification required before filing of certain articles or amendments. 78.046
Authorization of forum selection provisions in articles or bylaws. 78.047
Penalty for purporting to do business as corporation without filing articles of incorporation 78.050
Commencement of corporate existence. 78.055
Acceptable evidence of incorporation. 78.060
General powers. 78.065
Adoption and use of corporate seal or stamp. 78.070
Specific powers. 78.075
Railroad companies: Powers. 78.080
Railroad companies: Rights-of-way granted by the State, counties and municipalities 78.085
Railroad companies: Filing and recording of certified maps and profiles. 78.090
Registered agent required 78.097
Resignation of registered agent or termination of registration of commercial registered agent. 78.105
Maintenance of records at principal office or with custodian of records 78.107
Denial of request for inspection of records 78.115
Board of directors: Number and qualifications. 78.120
Board of directors: General powers. 78.125
Committees of board of directors: Designation 78.130
Officers of corporation: Selection 78.135
Authority of directors and representatives of corporation. 78.138
Directors and officers: Fiduciary duties 78.139
Directors and officers: Duties, presumptions and powers when confronted with change or potential change in control of corporation. 78.140
Restrictions on transactions involving interested directors or officers 78.150
Filing requirements 78.152
List or statement to be maintained at principal office or with custodian of records 78.153
Additional filing requirements for certain corporations: Criteria 78.155
Certificate of authorization to transact business. 78.170
Defaulting corporations: Identification 78.175
Defaulting corporations: Duties of Secretary of State 78.180
Defaulting corporations: Conditions and procedure for reinstatement. 78.185
Defaulting corporations: Reinstatement or revival under old or new name 78.191
“Distribution” defined. 78.195
Issuance of more than one class or series of stock 78.196
Required and authorized classes or series of stock 78.197
Rights of persons holding obligations of corporation. 78.200
Rights or options to purchase stock. 78.205
Fractions of shares: Issuance 78.207
Change in number of authorized shares of class or series: Resolution by board of directors 78.209
Change in number of authorized shares of class or series: Filing and effectiveness of certificate of change 78.211
Consideration for shares: Authority of board of directors 78.215
Issuance of shares for consideration or as share dividend. 78.220
Subscriptions for corporate shares: Payment 78.225
Stockholder’s liability: No individual liability except for payment for which shares were authorized to be issued or which was specified in subscription agreement. 78.230
Liability of holder of stock as collateral security 78.235
Stock certificates: Validation 78.240
Shares of stock are personal property 78.242
Restrictions on transfer of stock and on amount of stock owned by person or group of persons. 78.245
Corporate stocks, bonds and securities not taxed when owned by nonresidents or foreign corporations 78.250
Cancellation of outstanding certificates or change in informational statements: Issuance of new certificates or statements 78.257
Right of stockholders to inspect, copy and audit financial records 78.265
Preemptive rights of stockholders in corporations organized before October 1, 1991. 78.267
Preemptive rights of stockholders in corporations organized on or after October 1, 1991. 78.275
Assessments on stock: Levy and collection 78.280
Purchase by corporation of its own stock at assessment sale when no other available purchaser. 78.283
Treasury shares: Definition 78.0285
Secretary of State authorized to adopt certain regulations to allow corporation to carry out powers and duties through most recent technology. 78.288
Distributions to stockholders. 78.0295
Correction of inaccurate or defective record filed with the Secretary of State 78.0296
Ratification or validation of noncompliant corporate acts. 78.0297
Corporate records: Manner of storage 78.0298
Records or signatures maintained by corporation. 78.300
Liability of directors for unlawful distributions. 78.307
“Investment company” and “open-end investment company” defined 78.310
Stockholders’ and directors’ meetings: Location 78.315
Directors’ meetings: Quorum 78.320
Stockholders’ meetings: Quorum 78.325
Actions at meetings not regularly called: Ratification and approval. 78.330
Directors: Election 78.335
Directors: Removal 78.340
Failure to hold election of directors on regular day does not dissolve corporation. 78.345
Election of directors by order of court upon failure of regular election. 78.347
Application by stockholder for order of court appointing custodian or receiver 78.350
Voting rights of stockholders 78.352
Voting rights: Persons holding stock in fiduciary capacity 78.355
Stockholders’ proxies. 78.360
Cumulative voting. 78.365
Voting trusts. 78.370
Notice to stockholders. 78.375
Waiver of notice or other communication. 78.378
Applicability 78.379
Voting rights of acquiring person 78.380
Amendment of articles before issuance of voting stock. 78.385
Scope of amendments. 78.390
Amendment of articles after issuance of stock: Procedure. 78.403
Restatement of articles. 78.411
Definitions. 78.412
“Affiliate” defined. 78.413
“Associate” defined. 78.414
“Beneficial owner” defined. 78.416
“Combination” defined. 78.417
“Common shares” defined. 78.418
“Control,” “controlling,” “controlled by” and “under common control with” defined 78.421
“Date of announcement” defined. 78.422
“Date of consummation” defined. 78.423
“Interested stockholder” defined. 78.424
“Market value” defined. 78.426
“Preferred shares” defined. 78.427
“Resident domestic corporation” defined. 78.428
“Securities Exchange Act” defined. 78.429
“Share” defined. 78.431
“Subsidiary” defined. 78.432
“Voting shares” defined. 78.433
Applicability: Generally. 78.434
Applicability: Election not to be governed by provisions. 78.436
Applicability: Combination with inadvertent interested stockholder. 78.437
Applicability: Combination with interested stockholder as of certain date. 78.438
Combination prohibited within 2 years after stockholder becomes interested 78.439
Authorized combinations: General requirements. 78.441
Authorized combinations: Consideration to be received by disinterested holders of common shares. 78.442
Authorized combinations: Consideration to be received by disinterested holders of class or series of shares other than common shares. 78.443
Authorized combinations: Required form and distribution of consideration. 78.444
Authorized combinations: Restrictions on beneficial ownership of additional voting shares by interested stockholder. 78.565
Sale, lease or exchange of assets: Authority 78.570
Sale of property and franchise under decree of court. 78.573
Dissolution of corporation whose charter has been revoked without additional fees and penalties 78.575
Procedure for dissolution before payment of capital and beginning of business. 78.580
Procedure for dissolution after beginning of business. 78.585
Continuation of corporation after dissolution for winding up and liquidating its business and affairs 78.590
Trustees of dissolved corporation: Powers of directors. 78.597
Liability of stockholders of dissolved corporation. 78.600
Trustees or receivers for dissolved corporations: Appointment 78.605
Jurisdiction of district court. 78.610
Duties of trustees or receivers 78.615
Abatement of pending actions 78.620
Dissolution or forfeiture of charter by decree of court 78.622
Reorganization under federal law: Powers of corporation. 78.630
Application of creditors or stockholders of insolvent corporation for injunction and appointment of receiver or trustee 78.635
Appointment of receiver or trustee of insolvent corporation: Powers. 78.640
Property and privileges of insolvent corporation vest in appointed receiver. 78.645
Corporation may resume control upon payment of debts and receipt of capital to conduct business 78.650
Stockholders’ application for injunction and appointment of receiver when corporation mismanaged. 78.655
Reorganization of corporation by majority of stockholders during receivership. 78.660
Powers of district court. 78.665
Receiver to take possession of corporate assets upon court order. 78.670
Inventory, list of debts and reports by receiver. 78.675
Creditors’ proofs of claims 78.680
Creditors’ claims to be in writing under oath 78.685
Action on creditors’ claims 78.695
Substitution of receiver as party 78.700
Sales of encumbered or deteriorating property. 78.705
Compensation, costs and expenses of receiver. 78.710
Distribution of money to creditors and stockholders. 78.715
Acts of majority of receivers effectual 78.720
Employees’ liens for wages when corporation insolvent. 78.725
Domestic corporations in existence on April 1, 1925, may reincorporate under this chapter. 78.730
Renewal or revival: Procedure 78.740
Renewal or revival: Status of corporation. 78.745
Action against stockholder for unpaid subscriptions 78.746
Action against stockholder by judgment creditor 78.747
Liability of another person for debt or liability of corporation. 78.750
Service of process on corporations. 78.751
Mandatory indemnification of directors, officers, employees and agents 78.752
Insurance and other financial arrangements against liability of directors, officers, employees and agents. 78.755
Duties: Collection of fees 78.760
Filing fees: Articles of incorporation. 78.765
Filing fees: Certificate changing number of authorized shares 78.767
Filing fees: Certificates of restated articles of incorporation. 78.780
Filing fee: Certificate of dissolution. 78.785
Miscellaneous fees. 78.1955
Establishment of matters regarding class or series of stock by certificate of designation. 78.2055
Decrease in number of issued and outstanding shares of class or series: Resolution by board of directors 78.3781
Definitions. 78.3782
“Acquiring person” defined. 78.3783
“Acquisition” defined. 78.3784
“Control shares” defined. 78.3785
“Controlling interest” defined. 78.3786
“Fair value” defined. 78.3787
“Interested stockholder” defined. 78.3788
“Issuing corporation” defined. 78.3789
Delivery of offeror’s statement by acquiring person 78.3791
Approval of voting rights of acquiring person. 78.3792
Redemption of control shares. 78.3793
Rights of dissenting stockholders. 78.4265
“Publicly traded corporation” defined. 78.7502
Discretionary indemnification of directors, officers, employees and agents: General provisions.
Last Updated

Jun. 24, 2021

§ 78.0296’s source at nv​.us